UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

SCHEDULE 14A

Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934

(Amendment No. )

Filed by the Registrant ☑       Filed by a Party other than the Registrant ☐

Check the appropriate box:

GRAHAM CORPORATION

(Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

(Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement, if other than the Registrant)

Payment of Filing Fee (Check all boxes that apply):

Graham Corporation is a global leader in the design and manufacture of mission critical fluid, power, heat transfer and vacuum technologies for the Defense, Energy & Process, and Space industries. The Graham Manufacturing, Barber-Nichols, and P3 Technologies global brands are built upon world-renowned engineering expertise in vacuum, heat transfer, cryogenic pumps and turbomachinery technologies, as well as its responsive and flexible service and the unsurpassed quality customers have come to expect from our products and systems. Our core strengths include:

Notice of Annual Meeting

of Stockholders

Dated: July 15, 2025

Vote Your Shares

How to Vote

Your vote is very important, and we hope that you will participate in the Annual Meeting. You are eligible to vote if you were a stockholder of record at the close of business on June 27, 2025. In order to virtually attend the Annual Meeting, you must register in advance at www.proxydocs.com/GHM. Upon completing your registration, you will receive further instructions via email, including your unique link that will allow you access to the meeting. Please read the proxy statement and vote right away using any of the following methods.

Stockholders of Record:

Beneficial Stockholders:

If you are a beneficial stockholder, you will receive instructions from your brokerage firm, bank, broker-dealer, nominee, custodian, fiduciary or other nominee that you must follow in order for your shares to be voted. Your broker may not vote your shares for director nominees or on the advisory vote on executive compensation unless you provide your broker with voting instructions.

Table of Contents

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements in this proxy statement contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions and are identified by words such as “expects,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “opportunities,” “will,” “may,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “strives,” “continues,” “encourage,” and other similar words. All statements addressing operating performance, events, or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future, including but not limited to our growth, diversification strategy, markets, returns and solutions, financial flexibility, and our ability to achieve our operating priorities are forward-looking statements and should be evaluated in light of important risk factors and uncertainties. These risk factors and uncertainties are more fully described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize or should any of our underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those currently anticipated. In addition, undue reliance should not be placed on our forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and speak only as of the date made, and except as required by law, Graham Corporation disclaims any obligation to update or publicly announce any revisions to any of the forward-looking statements contained herein.

NOTE ABOUT OUR WEBSITES AND REPORTS: None of the statements on our websites or reports referenced or discussed in this proxy statement, are deemed to be part of, or incorporated by reference into, this proxy statement. The statements and reports may also change at any time and we undertake no obligation to update them, except as required by law. We have not incorporated by reference into this proxy statement the information included, or that can be accessed through, our website and you should not consider it to be part of this proxy statement.

Proxy Statement Summary

To assist you in reviewing the proposals to be considered and voted upon at our annual meeting of stockholders to be held on August 26, 2025 (the “Annual Meeting”), we have summarized information contained elsewhere in this proxy statement or in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025 (the “Annual Report”). This summary does not contain all of the information you should consider about Graham Corporation (the “Company”) and the proposals being submitted to stockholders at the Annual Meeting. We encourage you to read the entire proxy statement and Annual Report carefully before voting.

The Annual Meeting

In order to virtually attend the Annual Meeting, you must register at www.proxydocs.com/GHM in advance. Upon completing your registration, you will receive further instructions via email, including your unique link that will allow you access to the meeting and will also permit you to vote and submit questions at the meeting. There will not be a physical meeting location and you will not be able to attend the Annual Meeting in person.

Meeting Agenda and Voting Matters

Directors and Nominees

* — Independent Director

◆ — Director Nominee

** — Committee Chair

AC — Audit Committee

CC — Compensation Committee

NCGC — Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our Business

We are a global leader in the design and manufacture of mission critical fluid, power, heat transfer and vacuum technologies for the Defense, Energy & Process, and Space industries. For the Defense industry, our equipment is used in nuclear and non-nuclear propulsion, power, fluid transfer, and thermal management systems. For the Energy & Process industries we supply equipment for vacuum, heat transfer, and fluid transfer applications used in oil refining, downstream chemical facilities, fertilizers, ethylene, methanol, edible oil, food & beverage, pulp & paper, and multiple alternative energy applications such as hydrogen, small modular nuclear, concentrated solar and geothermal processes. For the Space industry, our equipment is used in propulsion, power and thermal management systems, and for life support systems.

Our brands are built upon our engineering expertise and close customer collaboration to design, develop, and produce mission critical equipment and systems that enable our customers to meet their economic and operational objectives. Continual improvement of our processes and systems to ensure qualified and compliant equipment are hallmarks of our brands. Our early engagement with customers and support until the end of service life are values upon which our brands are built.

Director Skills and Attributes

We believe that our directors possess the requisite experience and skills necessary to carry out their duties and to serve our best interests and those of our stockholders.

Questions and Answers About the Annual Meeting

Why am I receiving these proxy materials?

These proxy materials are being furnished to you in connection with the solicitation of proxies by our board of directors (the “Board”) for the Annual Meeting to be held on Tuesday, August 26, 2025, at 9:00 a.m., Eastern Time, and at any adjournment or postponement thereof. The Annual Meeting will be conducted as a virtual meeting of stockholders by means of a live audio-only webcast. We believe that hosting a virtual meeting will enable greater stockholder participation from any location. There will not be a physical meeting location and you will not be able to attend the Annual Meeting in person.

We made our proxy materials available to stockholders via the Internet or in printed form if requested on or about July 15, 2025. Our proxy materials include the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials (the “Notice of Internet Availability”), the Notice of the Annual Meeting, this proxy statement and the Annual Report. If you requested and received paper copies of the proxy materials by mail, our proxy materials also include the proxy card. These proxy materials, other than the proxy card, can be accessed at www.proxydocs.com/GHM.

The Securities and Exchange Commission’s (the “SEC”) e-proxy rules allow companies to post their proxy materials on the Internet and provide only a Notice of Internet Availability to stockholders as an alternative to mailing full sets of proxy materials except upon request. Similar to last year, we have elected to use this notice and access model. Unless you previously indicated your preference to receive paper copies of our proxy statement and Annual Report, you should have received a Notice of Internet Availability. The Notice of Internet Availability includes information on how to access our proxy materials on the Internet, how to vote and how to request a paper or email copy of the proxy materials at no extra charge this year or on an ongoing basis.

What am I voting on?

At the Annual Meeting, you will vote upon:

Will there be any other items of business addressed at the Annual Meeting?

As of the date of this proxy statement, we are not aware of any other matter to be presented at the Annual Meeting. If any other matters properly come before the Annual Meeting, it is intended that the holders of the proxies will act in accordance with their best judgment.

What must I do if I want to participate in the Annual Meeting?

You can participate in the Annual Meeting so long as you register in advance to virtually attend the Annual Meeting at www.proxydocs.com/GHM. You will be asked to provide the control number located inside the shaded gray box on your Notice of Internet Availability or proxy card. After completion of your registration, further instructions, including a unique link to access the Annual Meeting, will be emailed to you. Please be sure to follow the instructions found on your Notice of Internet Availability, proxy card and/or voting instruction card and subsequent instructions that will be delivered to you via email.

By visiting www.proxydocs.com/GHM, pre-registering and then accessing the Annual Meeting as instructed, you will be able to participate in the Annual Meeting, vote your shares and ask questions during the meeting. However, if you do not comply with the procedures outlined above, you may not be admitted to the Annual Meeting.

As always, we encourage you to vote your shares prior to the Annual Meeting. This proxy statement furnishes you with the information you need in order to vote, whether or not you participate in the Annual Meeting.

Who may vote and how many shares can be cast?

If you owned shares of our common stock at the close of business on June 27, 2025, which is the record date for the Annual Meeting, then you are entitled to vote your shares at the Annual Meeting. At the close of business on the record date, we had 10,975,874 shares of common stock outstanding and entitled to vote. Each share is entitled to one vote on each proposal.

How do I vote?

Stockholder of Record: Shares Registered in Your Name. If on the record date, your shares of our common stock were registered directly in your name with our transfer agent, then you are a stockholder of record and your shares will be voted as you indicate. If you are a stockholder of record, there are four ways to vote:

Your vote is important. Whether or not you plan to virtually attend the meeting, we urge you to vote to ensure your vote is counted. You may still virtually attend and vote during the meeting if you have already voted by proxy. Only the latest vote you properly submit will be counted.

Beneficial Owner: Shares Registered in the Name of Broker or Bank. If on the record date, your shares of our common stock were held in an account at a brokerage firm, bank, dealer or other similar organization, which we collectively refer to as a broker, then you are the beneficial owner of shares held in “street name” and these proxy materials are being made available to you by that organization along with a voting instruction card. As a beneficial owner, you must vote your shares in the manner prescribed by your broker. Your broker has enclosed or otherwise provided a voting instruction card for you to use in directing the broker how to vote your shares. Your shares will be voted as you indicate. Check the voting instruction card used by that organization to see if it offers Internet or telephone voting.

If you hold your shares in street name, you will receive instructions from your broker, bank or nominee that you must follow in order to submit your voting instructions and have your shares voted at the Annual Meeting. If you want to vote in person virtually at the Annual Meeting, you must register in advance at www.proxydocs.com/GHM. You may be instructed to obtain a legal proxy from your broker, bank or other nominee and to submit a copy in advance of the meeting. Further instructions will be provided to you as part of your registration process.

Even if you plan to virtually attend the Annual Meeting, we recommend that you submit your proxy or voting instructions in advance of the Annual Meeting as described above so that your vote will be counted if you later decide not to attend or are unable to attend the Annual Meeting.

What happens if I do not give specific voting instructions?

If you are a stockholder of record and you indicate when voting over the Internet or by telephone that you wish to vote as recommended by our Board or sign and return a proxy card without giving specific voting instructions, then the proxy holders will vote your shares in the manner recommended by our Board on all matters presented in this proxy statement and as the proxy holders may determine in their discretion with respect to any other matters properly presented for a vote at the Annual Meeting.

For a beneficial owner of shares held in street name, if a proposal is deemed “routine” and you do not give instructions to your broker or nominee, they may, but are not required to, vote your shares with respect to the proposal. If the proposal is deemed “non-routine” and you do not give instructions to your broker or nominee, they may not vote your shares with respect to the proposal and the shares will be treated as broker non-votes. The determination of whether a proposal is “routine” or “non-routine” will be made by the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) based on NYSE rules that regulate member brokerage firms. When our inspector of election tabulates the votes for any particular matter, broker non-votes will be counted for purposes of determining whether a quorum is present, but may not otherwise be counted. We therefore encourage you to provide voting instructions on each proposal to the organization that holds your shares.

What constitutes a quorum for the Annual Meeting?

A quorum is required for our stockholders to conduct business at the Annual Meeting. Pursuant to our Amended and Restated By-laws, as amended (the “By-laws”), the holders of record of a majority of the shares of our common stock present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting will constitute a quorum. Abstentions, broker non-votes, and “withhold” votes for election of directors will be counted for the purpose of determining the existence of a quorum. If a quorum is not present, the Annual Meeting may be adjourned by the vote of a majority of the shares represented at the Annual Meeting until a quorum has been obtained.

What vote is required to approve each proposal and how does the Board recommend that I vote?

The vote required to approve each proposal, and the Board’s recommendation with respect to each proposal are described below:

How can I obtain a stockholder list?

A stockholder list will be available for examination by our stockholders during ordinary business hours throughout the ten-day period prior to the Annual Meeting at our principal executive offices at 20 Florence Avenue, Batavia, New York 14020, and during the meeting via the virtual meeting site, for any purpose germane to the meeting.

Can I change or revoke my vote?

Your attendance at the Annual Meeting will not automatically revoke your proxy. However, if you are a stockholder of record you can change or revoke your proxy at any time before it is voted at the Annual Meeting by:

Only your last, properly submitted, timely vote will count at the Annual Meeting.

If you are a street name holder, you must contact your broker to receive instructions as to how you may revoke your proxy instructions.

We encourage you to vote in advance of the Annual Meeting to ensure your vote is counted should you be unable to participate in the Annual Meeting. Stockholders who have pre-registered to attend the Annual Meeting and who have not voted their shares prior to the Annual Meeting or who wish to change their vote will be able to vote their shares electronically at the Annual Meeting while the polls are open. If you properly provide your proxy in time to be voted at the Annual Meeting, it will be voted as you specify unless it is properly revoked prior thereto. If you properly provide your proxy but do not include your voting specifications, the shares represented by the proxy will be voted in accordance with the recommendations of the Board, as described in this proxy statement.

Who is paying for this proxy solicitation?

This proxy solicitation is made by our Board on our behalf, and we will bear the cost of soliciting proxies. In addition to solicitation by mail, our directors, officers and employees may solicit proxies personally or by telephone or other means of communication. We will not compensate our directors, officers or employees for making proxy solicitations on our behalf. We will provide persons holding shares in their name or in the names of nominees, which in either case are beneficially owned by others, soliciting materials for delivery to those beneficial owners and will reimburse the record owners for their expenses in doing so.

Can I ask questions at the Annual Meeting?

If you registered in advance and attend the Annual Meeting, you may submit questions during the Annual Meeting. We encourage you to submit questions at www.proxydocs.com/GHM after logging in with your unique control number provided in connection with your pre-registration for the Annual Meeting.

We expect to respond to questions during the Annual Meeting that are pertinent to meeting matters as time permits. We may group together questions that are substantially similar to avoid repetition.

How can I find out the voting results of the Annual Meeting?

Preliminary voting results will be announced at the Annual Meeting. We will publish the voting results in a Current Report on Form 8-K, which will be filed with the SEC within four business days after the Annual Meeting.

Where can I obtain additional information?

You can obtain, free of charge, a copy of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025 (“fiscal year 2025”) by:

You can also obtain a copy of our Annual Report on Form 10-K and all other reports and information that we file with, or furnish to, the SEC from the SEC’s EDGAR database located at www.sec.gov.

Proposal One:

Election of Directors

The Board currently consists of seven members. Our By-laws provide for a classified board of directors consisting of three classes of directors, with each class serving a staggered three-year term. As a result, stockholders elect only a portion of our Board each year. The terms of three of our directors, Cari L. Jaroslawsky, Matthew J. Malone and Jonathan W. Painter, will expire at the Annual Meeting.

Upon the recommendation of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, the Board has unanimously nominated Cari L. Jaroslawsky, Matthew J. Malone and Jonathan W. Painter for election as directors. If elected, each of Ms. Jaroslawsky and Messrs. Malone and Painter will hold office for a three-year term expiring in 2028 or until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified. Our Board does not contemplate that any of the nominees will be unable to serve as a director, but if that contingency should occur before the proxies are voted, the designated proxies reserve the right to vote for such substitute nominee(s) as they, in their discretion, determine. Our By-laws do not permit re-election after a director reaches the age of 75.

Board Recommendation

The Board unanimously recommends a vote FOR the election of each of Ms. Jaroslawsky, Mr. Malone and Mr. Painter as a director to serve for a three-year term expiring in 2028.

Nominees Proposed for Election as Directors at the Annual Meeting

Directors Whose Terms do not Expire at the Annual Meeting

Corporate Governance

Director Independence

Our Corporate Governance Guidelines provide that the independence standards of the NYSE govern the independence determinations for the members of our Board. The Board has affirmatively determined that each of Messrs. Barber, Painter and Stoner, and Mses. Jaroslawsky and Schnorr is independent and has no material relationship with us as required by the independence standards of the NYSE. In addition, the Board has affirmatively determined that Mr. Fortier, whose service as a director ended at the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, was independent and had no material relationship with us as required by the independence standards of the NYSE during his service on the Board. Mr. Thoren, our Executive Chairman and employee and Mr. Malone, our President and Chief Executive Officer and employee, are not independent.

Board Leadership Structure

Mr. Thoren, our former Chief Executive Officer, serves as Executive Chairman. Mr. Painter, a non-executive independent director, serves as Lead Independent Director of the Board. Our Board believes that its leadership structure, with a non-executive Lead Independent Director position separate from our Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, provides appropriate, independent oversight of management. The Executive Chairman presides at all meetings of the Board and stockholders; encourages and facilitates active participation of all directors; develops the calendar of and agendas for Board meetings in consultation with our Chief Executive Officer and other members of the Board; determines, in consultation with our Chief Executive Officer, the information that should be provided to the Board in advance of meetings; and performs any other duties requested by the Board from time to time. Additionally, the Executive Chairman assists the Chief Executive Officer with the development of a strategic plan, provides mentorship to the Chief Executive Officer, and provides assistance with risk management and business development. The Lead Independent Director presides during regularly held sessions with only the independent directors; serves as a liaison between the independent directors, the Executive Chairman and management and periodically meets with the Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.

Committees and Meetings of the Board; Meeting Attendance

Our Board has a standing Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. The duties and responsibilities of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are set forth in their respective charters and are described below. The current charter of each committee is available on our website at www.grahamcorp.com under the heading “Investor Relations” and the subheading “Governance.”

The following table lists the current membership of the committees of the Board and the Chairs of each committee.

= Chair

= Member

During fiscal year 2025, the Board met six times, the Audit Committee met four times, the Compensation Committee met six times, and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee met four times. During fiscal year 2025, each of our then serving directors attended at least 75% of the meetings of the Board and the committees on which they served.

The non-management directors meet without members of management present during regularly scheduled executive sessions and at such other times as they deem necessary or appropriate. The Lead Independent Director of the Board presides over these executive sessions.

Our policy requires that each director attend our annual meeting of stockholders or provide the Executive Chairman of the Board with advance notice of the reason for not attending. All of our then serving directors attended our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, aside from Mr. Fortier, whose service as a director ended immediately following the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders.

Audit Committee

We have a separately-designated standing Audit Committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The Board has affirmatively determined that each member of the Audit Committee satisfies the independence standards of the NYSE applicable to audit committee members and applicable SEC rules. The Board has also determined that each of Mses. Jaroslawsky and Schnorr qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” in accordance with applicable SEC rules based on their education and extensive professional work experience as described in each of their biographies under “Proposal One: Election of Directors.”

The Audit Committee reviews with Deloitte & Touche LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, our financial statements and internal control over financial reporting, Deloitte & Touche LLP’s auditing procedures and fees, and the possible effects of professional services upon the independence of Deloitte & Touche LLP.

The Audit Committee works closely with the Board, our executive management team and our independent registered public accounting firm to assist the Board in overseeing our accounting and financial reporting processes and financial statement audits. In furtherance of these responsibilities, the Audit Committee assists the Board in its oversight of:

In addition, the Audit Committee’s responsibilities include reviewing and overseeing any transactions between us and any related person as defined by the SEC’s rules and discussing our guidelines and policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management. The Audit Committee is also responsible for preparing the Audit Committee’s report that the SEC’s rules require to be included in our annual proxy statement, and performing such other tasks that are consistent with the Audit Committee’s charter. The Audit Committee’s report appears under the heading “Report of the Audit Committee.”

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee evaluates, interviews and nominates candidates for election to the Board and is responsible for oversight of our corporate governance practices.

When identifying director nominees, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee solicits suggestions from incumbent directors, management and stockholders. In identifying and evaluating nominees, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee seeks candidates possessing the highest standards of personal and professional ethics and integrity; practical wisdom, independent thinking, maturity and the ability to exercise sound business judgment; skills, experience and demonstrated abilities that help meet the current needs of the Board; and a firm commitment to the interests of our stockholders. Although the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee does not maintain a specific written diversity policy, it recognizes the value of diversity and seeks diverse candidates when possible and appropriate and considers diversity in its review of candidates.

In addition, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee takes into consideration such other factors as it deems appropriate. These factors may include knowledge of our industry and markets, experience with businesses and other organizations of comparable size, the interplay of the nominee’s experience with the experience of other members of the Board, and the extent to which the candidate would be a desirable addition to the Board and any of its committees. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may consider, among other factors, experience or expertise in our industry, global business, science and technology, competitive positioning, corporate governance, risk management, finance or economics, and public affairs.

Stockholders entitled to vote in the election of directors at any annual meeting may recommend candidates for consideration by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee as potential nominees by submitting written recommendations to the attention of our Corporate Secretary at the following address: Graham Corporation, 20 Florence Avenue, Batavia, New York 14020. Stockholder recommendations must contain: (i) each candidate’s name, age, business and residence addresses; (ii) the candidate’s principal occupation or employment; (iii) each candidate’s written consent to serve as a director, if elected; (iv) whether each candidate would be an independent director if elected, and the basis therefore, under the NYSE listing standards; (v) a description of the candidate’s qualifications to be a director; and (vi) such other information regarding each candidate as would be required to be included in the proxy statement pursuant to the SEC’s rules. Any stockholder submitting a recommendation must provide his or her own name and address as they appear

on our books and records, as well as the class and number of our shares owned of record and the date(s) he or she acquired such shares. In addition, any stockholder submitting a recommendation must provide (i) a description of all arrangements or understandings between the stockholder and each candidate and any other person pursuant to which the nominations were made; (ii) the identification of any person retained by the stockholder or by any candidate, or any person acting on his or her behalf to make solicitations for the purpose of electing such candidate and a brief description of the terms of such arrangement; (iii) a description of any arrangement, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss, manage risk or benefit from changes in the Company’s share price, or increase or decrease the voting power of the stockholder or beneficial owner with respect to the Company’s shares, and the stockholder’s agreement to notify the Company in writing within five business days after the record date for such meeting of any such arrangement in effect as of the record date for the meeting; and (iv) any such information regarding the stockholder as would be required to be included in a proxy statement or provided to the Company pursuant to the SEC’s rules. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will evaluate director candidates proposed by stockholders using the same criteria, and in the same manner, as described above for other potential nominees.

In addition, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee assists the Board in its oversight of our strategies, policies and practices relating to environmental and social matters as well as executive officer succession. Annually, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee conducts a performance evaluation of the Board and Board Committees operation and function and recommends any proposed changes to the Board for approval.

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee annually reviews and approves salaries, incentive cash awards and other forms of compensation paid to our executive officers, reviews and approves the goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our executive officers, evaluates the performance of our executive officers, approves recipients of equity-based awards and establishes the number of shares and other terms applicable to such awards. The Compensation Committee also construes the provisions of and generally administers the 2020 Graham Corporation Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2020 Plan”), and any successor plan thereto. The Compensation Committee operates pursuant to its charter and may delegate its authority or responsibility to one or more subcommittees.

The Compensation Committee also reviews and approves the compensation paid to the Board. More information about the compensation of our directors is set forth under the heading “Director Compensation.”

In addition, the Compensation Committee is responsible for reviewing and discussing with management the Compensation Discussion and Analysis that is included in our annual proxy statement and performing such other tasks that are consistent with its charter.

The Compensation Committee recognizes the importance of using an independent consultant that provides services solely to the Compensation Committee and not to management. The Compensation Committee engaged an independent compensation consultant in fiscal year 2025. For more information on the role of the Compensation Committee in determining executive compensation, including its use of an independent consultant, see “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” under the heading “Executive Compensation.”

Corporate Governance Guidelines

The Board has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines to promote the effective functioning of the Board in its governance of our business and corporate operations. The Corporate Governance Guidelines are available on our website at www.grahamcorp.com under the heading “Investor Relations” and the subheadings “Governance” and “Governance Documents.”

Insider Trading Policy

We have adopted an insider trading policy designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to us. The policy applies to our directors, officers, employees and consultants. Covered Persons (our directors, executive officers, and certain employees who have access to material non-public information) are prohibited from trading in our securities during a closed “window period” beginning on the last day of each calendar quarter and ending after the second full business day following the release of our earnings for that quarter. Covered Persons are prohibited from purchasing or selling our stock if they are in possession of material non-public information, even if it is within an open “window period.” We reserve the right to impose event-specific black-out periods if we deem certain individuals to be in possession of non-public information.

Policies and Practices Related to the Grant of Certain Equity Awards

Political Contribution Policy Statement

The Board has adopted a political contribution policy statement, which outlines the Company’s policies, procedures and philosophy regarding its political contributions and activities. It is the Company’s policy not to make independent political expenditures in support of the election or defeat of particular candidates and not to maintain a political action committee. This policy is available on our website at www.grahamcorp.com under the heading “Investor Relations” and the subheadings “Governance” and “Governance Documents.”

Board Policy on Stockholder Rights Plans

We do not have a “poison pill” or stockholder rights plan. If we were to adopt a stockholder rights plan, the Board would seek prior stockholder approval of the plan unless, due to timing constraints or other reasons, a majority of independent directors of the Board determines that it would be in the best interests of stockholders to adopt a plan before obtaining stockholder approval. If a stockholder rights plan is adopted without prior stockholder approval, the Board will submit the plan for approval by stockholders prior to the first anniversary of the effective date of the plan or the plan will otherwise terminate.

The Board’s Role in Risk Oversight

The Board oversees our risk profile and management’s processes for managing risk, primarily through the Board’s committees. Our Audit Committee focuses on financial risks, including those that could arise from our accounting and financial reporting processes. Additionally, our Audit Committee monitors and directs the formal risk management projects implemented by management, including cybersecurity. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee focuses on the management of risks associated with board organization, membership and structure, corporate governance, and the recruitment and retention of talented Board members. Additionally, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee focuses on the management of risks associated with executive officer succession. Our Compensation Committee focuses on the management of risks that could arise from our compensation policies and programs and, in particular, our executive compensation programs and policies.

As part of its risk oversight responsibilities, the Board and its committees review the policies and processes that senior management uses to manage our risk exposure. In doing so, the Board and its committees review our overall risk function and senior management’s establishment of appropriate systems and processes for managing areas of material risk to the Company, including, but not limited to, operational, financial, legal, regulatory, strategic and information technology risks (including with respect to cybersecurity).

Communications from Stockholders and other Interested Parties

Stockholders and other interested parties who wish to contact the Board or an individual director, including the Lead Independent Director or independent directors as a group, should send their communications to the attention of the Corporate Secretary, Graham Corporation, 20 Florence Avenue, Batavia, New York 14020. The Corporate Secretary will forward all such communications as directed unless the communication is inappropriate.

Environmental and Social Matters

Commitment to Sustainability

Oversight

Over the last few years, Graham Corporation has transformed from a highly cyclical, refinery and petrochemical equipment supplier into a well-diversifies, multi-market company providing full life cycle mission critical equipment to defend our nation, ensure sustainable energy supply and enable space commercialization. Graham Corporation is committed to embedding sustainability throughout our business. We believe that all our stakeholders must be considered in our everyday actions. We continue to enhance our sustainability strategy to align with the broader transformation of our business. Our executive management team recognizes the importance of embedding environmental and social priorities within our business operations and an enhanced and modernized strategy intended to drive additional progress on initiatives that promote sustainability and increase transparency. Mr. Malone, our President and Chief Executive Officer, is the lead officer responsible for overseeing and advancing the Company’ efforts with respect to sustainability initiatives. In such capacity, Mr. Malone reviews our environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) efforts with the Board and the various Board committees as appropriate.

We have established ESG working groups at each of our companies that are responsible for leading our ESG strategy and monitoring our corporate social responsibility and environmental accountability initiatives. These groups include cross-functional subject matter experts from across the business. Against this backdrop, we have, with the assistance of outside expertise, performed an assessment of key indicators and engaged with our internal and external stakeholders on sustainability topics to help further inform our future direction and tenets. This ESG working group oversees Graham’s sustainability strategy and subsequent disclosures, including the production of our 2025 Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) Factsheet available on our website. The four tenets of our ESG strategy are shown below:

Environment

We believe that a focus on environmental stewardship is fundamental and integral to the work we do every day to serve our customers, create value for our stockholders, and benefit our global community. We have taken steps at both our business units in Batavia, New York and Arvada, Colorado to improve energy efficiencies and air quality that are intended to lessen our impact on the environment. Notably:

We have over 630 employees across our global facilities, including our 43,000 square foot, state-of-the-art manufacturing plant that is part of the 101,000 square foot campus in Arvada, Colorado, where our commitment to reducing the waste we generate and utilizing our expertise to produce high quality and sustainable products. Each of our facilities are diligent in controlling hazardous waste and ensuring wastewater and storm sewer discharges are monitored to support greater access to clean water. Additionally, a key aspect of our ESG strategy is climate change. We help minimize our environmental footprint with Adopt-A-Street activities, factory recycling programs, electric car charging stations, and energy saving initiatives like LED lighting, motion sensors for lighting, smart compressors to manage energy loads and installing programmable thermostats in our facilities.

Our People

At Graham, we believe our most important asset is our people. We are committed to fostering and embracing a Graham community in which employees share a mutual understanding and respect for each other. Our pledge to diversity and equality encompasses our commitment to create a work environment which embraces inclusion. We continually strive to use our knowledge, talents, and resources to improve the quality of life of our workforce. In 2023, Barber-Nichols was recognized in Glassdoor’s Best Places to Work, ranking 10 out of 50 in the U.S. small and medium company category. Glassdoor’s analysis is based solely on the input of employees who complete an anonymous review about their job, work environment and employer.

Diversity, Equality & Inclusion (“DEI”) is very important to us at Graham. Our commitment starts with our goal of attracting, retaining, and developing a workforce that is diverse in background, knowledge, skill, and experience. In 2023, we started a Women in Manufacturing group to attract and promote women in our workplace. As of December 31, 2024, women represented approximately 21% and self-identified racial and ethnic minorities represented approximately 8% of our workforce, up from 5% as of March 31, 2022. We strive to have our diversity mirror our local communities through recruitment in our high schools and community colleges.

Our management recognizes that a diverse workforce and a culture of equity and inclusion helps us compete more effectively, sustain success, and build long-term shareholder value. We encourage every one of our team members to form deeper relationships with those around them based on mutual respect, dignity, and understanding. Furthermore, to encourage productive conversations within our organization, we continued to act on employee engagement survey results and rolled out a new Human Resource information system to provide easy access to pertinent information, as well as ensured training for our managers and employees while encouraging effective communication. Graham has non-discrimination and anti-harassment policies as outlined in our employee handbook, as well as a formal Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.

We believe that employee development is vital to our continued success, and we support the development of our employees through programs such as our internal weld school training, our partnerships with community colleges, our tuition assistance program, and management and leadership training classes. Our management is continuously focused on developing an inclusive and respectful work environment where our employees are highly engaged and motivated.

We are dedicated to ensuring the health and safety of our team members by supporting the whole person. Our dedicated global health and safety function ensures that employees are trained on best practices to create a safe and healthy workplace for all. After an increase in our total recordable incident rate ("TRIR") metric in 2023, our safety and management teams took action to strengthen factory safety, resulting in a 43% reduction in our TRIR for 2024. Our TRIR is now back below the industry average. To ensure the health and well being of our employees, we aim to provide a robust health and wellness package. Some of the various benefits we offer include:

Our Communities

We believe that investing in local communities to create positive social and economic outcomes is at the heart of generating social impact. We believe in giving back to the communities in which we live and work. We support and empower our employees' efforts in their communities by providing opportunities to volunteer. Being a good company means that we push ourselves to do our best, for our customers, for our shareholders, for the Company, for ourselves, for those around us, and for the world that we all share. We are committed to supporting the communities in which we do business by leveraging the power of our company through donations, scholarships, education, and participation with charitable organization. Notably:

We believe the industry needs to engage with young people, be more inclusive and employ people from a diverse range of backgrounds. As key stakeholders in the industry, we partnered with nonprofit organizations to implement elementary school Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (“STEM”) programs, where over 30 volunteers engaged in science fair judging, tours, and career fairs and created STEM kits to support educational endeavors. Furthermore, we facilitated welder training programs with local high schools and community colleges, and serve on their industry partner committees. Also, we assisted with college scholarship funds at many local colleges and universities, including Red Rocks Community College, Warren Tech, University of Colorado and Colorado State University.

We believe it is our responsibility to respect human rights in our operations, including, among other things, by opposing human trafficking and the exploitation of children. Accordingly, we have adopted a Human Rights Policy Statement to emphasize our strong commitment to human rights. As another part of being a good corporate citizen, we adopted a Conflict Minerals Policy that is intended to support our commitment to sourcing components and materials from companies that share our values around human rights and ethics. Both policies are available on our website at www.grahamcorp.com under the heading “Investor Relations” and the subheadings “Governance” and “Governance Documents.”

Corporate Governance

Graham is committed to achieving excellence in our corporate governance practices. We emphasize a culture of accountability and conduct our business in a manner that is fair, ethical, and responsible to earn the trust of our stakeholders. The Company has corporate governance and sustainability policies and structures in place to foster accountability and transparency. These policies reflect our underlying commitment to maintain the highest standards of ethics and integrity and to operate our business in compliance with all applicable anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-trust laws and regulations.

The Board of Directors is comprised of a majority of independent directors as defined by the NYSE listing standards and the Board’s Corporate Governance Guidelines. All of the Board committees are comprised entirely of independent directors.

Graham recognizes that effectively managing enterprise risks is critically important to the long-term success of our business. Management is responsible for our company’s day-to-day risk management activities. Our company relies on a comprehensive risk management process to aggregate, monitor, measure, and manage risks. While we exercise oversight, we do not have full control over our supply chain nor the suppliers we do business with; however, we continually seek to partner with suppliers that share common values and a shared commitment to our ESG objectives.

As a global leader in the design and manufacture of mission critical fluid, power, heat transfer and vacuum technologies for the Defense, Energy & Process, and Space industries, Graham is a trusted partner that meets the industry’s high bar for data resiliency and security. We leverage the latest encryption configurations and technologies on our systems, devices, and third-party connections and further vet third-party vendors’ encryption, as required, through our vendor management process.

We routinely engage with our stakeholders to better understand their views on ESG matters, carefully considering the feedback we receive and acting when appropriate. For more information, please visit our website at www.grahamcorp.com under the heading “Investor Relations.”

To support our principles, we have adopted a Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation, Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Policy, in addition to the Human Rights Policy, Code of Vendor Conduct and Enterprise Level Environmental Policy, and our Conflict Minerals Policy, as further described below and are available on our website at www.grahamcorp.com under the heading “Investor Relations” and the subheadings “Governance” and “Governance Documents.”

Human Rights Policy

Our Human Rights Policy sets forth our views on the health and safety standards we strive to provide to our employees, our intolerance for forced or involuntary labor of any kind, and our commitment to providing equal opportunity in all aspects of employment. Human rights are generally defined as the basic freedoms believed to be inherent to all people as outlined in the United Nations Universal Declaration for Human Rights, which focuses on dignity, respect and equality, without discrimination.

Enterprise Level Environmental Policy

Our Enterprise Level Environmental Policy focuses on our belief that environmental stewardship is fundamental and integral to the work we do every day to serve our customers, create value for our stockholders, and benefit our global community. We believe that our focus on environmental sustainability, with the objective of reducing costs and improving sustainability of our operations, will provide us with a strategic benefit. Through our Enterprise Level Environmental Policy we will continue to engage with suppliers throughout our global value chain to manage these impacts in order to conserve resources, reduce costs, and promote ethical practices.

Conflict Minerals Policy

Our Conflict Minerals Policy outlines our commitment to sourcing components and materials from companies that share our values around human rights and ethics. We strive to utilize suppliers with products that are conflict free. We undertake due diligence processes to support our efforts and expect our suppliers to source products and develop reasonable due diligence frameworks and policies designed to prevent conflict minerals from being included in our products. We encourage our employees, vendors, or other partners to notify us of any issues or concerns regarding our supply chain, including issues and concerns relating to conflict minerals.

Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Policy

Our Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Policy sets forth our commitment to ensuring that our employees, affiliates, and others acting on our behalf abide by all international and local laws that collectively prohibit bribery and corruption in countries where we conduct business. We prohibit any form of bribery or corruption, including giving, offering, promising or receiving Anything of Value (as defined in the Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Policy), directly or indirectly with the intent to obtain an improper business advantage.

Code of Vendor Conduct

Our Code of Vendor Conduct specifies the behaviors, practices and regulations we expect to see practiced in all stages of our supply chain. The Code of Vendor Conduct is focused on ensuring that our vendors, suppliers, and other business partners, including their employees, agents, and suppliers, act in a way that is ethical, corporately responsible, and aims to promote compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

Executive Officers

As of June 27, 2025, we were served by the following executive officers and Section 16 officers, each of whom was appointed by the Board:

Matthew J. Malone, age 38, became our President and Chief Executive Officer in June 2025, having previously served as our President and Chief Operating Officer from February 2025 to June 2025 and our Vice President and General Manager – Barber-Nichols from June 2021 to February 2025. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Malone served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Barber-Nichols since May 2021, having previously served as Barber-Nichols Vice President of Operations from May 2020 to May 2021, Project Management Office Manager from November 2017 to May 2020, and Project Engineer from July 2015 to November 2017. Further information about Mr. Malone is set forth under “Proposal One: Election of Directors.”

Daniel J. Thoren, age 62, has served as our Executive Chairman since June 2025, having previously served as our President and Chief Executive Officer from September 2021 to June 2025 and our President and Chief Operating Officer from June 2021 to September 2021. Further information about Mr. Thoren is set forth under “Proposal One: Election of Directors.”

Christopher J. Thome, age 54, became our Vice President – Finance, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer in April 2022 and our Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Secretary in July 2022. Prior to joining the Company since February 2020, Mr. Thome served as Corporate Controller and Treasurer of Allient Inc. (NASDAQ: ALNT), formerly known as Allied Motion Technologies Inc., a producer of precision and specialty motion, control and power quality components and systems. From July 2006 to February 2020, he held progressively advancing roles at Integer Holdings Corporation (NYSE: ITGR), a provider of advanced medical device outsourcing, including Senior Director–Treasurer and Senior Director–Financial Reporting, Treasury Operations and Shared Services. Mr. Thome is a certified public accountant and began his career with PricewaterhouseCoopers.

Alan E. Smith, age 58, became our Vice President and General Manager – Batavia in July 2015. Mr. Smith served as our Vice President of Operations from July 2007 until July 2015. Previously, from 2005 until July 2007, Mr. Smith served as Director of Operations for Lydall, Inc., a designer and manufacturer of specialty engineering products. Prior to that, he had been employed by us for fourteen years, progressing from Project Engineer to Engineering Manager.

Michael E. Dixon, age 44, became our Vice President and General Manager – Barber-Nichols in June 2025, having previously served as General Manager – Barber-Nichols from February 2025 to June 2025, Director of Sales and Marketing from September 2022 to February 2025, Sales Engineering Manager from July 2021 to September 2022 and Sales Engineer from October 2018 to July 2021. Prior to this, Mr. Dixon served as Application Engineer from January 2013 to December 2017 and Application Engineering Manager from December 2017 to October 2018 at Sundyne. Mr. Dixon began his career at ESS Metron, where he served as Product Manager – Packaged Pumping Systems from May 2011 to December 2012.

Executive Compensation

As a smaller reporting company under the Exchange Act we are not required to provide certain disclosures pursuant to Item 402 of Regulation S-K, however, we have elected not to take advantage of certain scaled disclosure requirements allowed for smaller reporting companies to provide transparency with respect to the compensation of our named executive officers.

Compensation Discussion and Analysis

Introduction

This Compensation Discussion and Analysis (“CD&A”) provides information about the compensation programs for our executive officers named in the fiscal year 2025 Summary Compensation Table. These named executive officers and their respective titles are:

This CD&A includes the philosophy and objectives of the Compensation Committee of our Board, descriptions of each of the elements of our executive compensation programs, and the basis for the compensation decisions we made during fiscal year 2025.

Executive Summary

Fiscal Year 2025 Results

The Compensation Committee’s philosophy focuses on aligning the interests of our named executive officers with those of our stockholders by rewarding performance that enhances the objective of increasing both current and long-term stockholder value. Our executive compensation programs are designed to provide a strong link between the amounts earned by our named executive officers and Company and individual performance.

During fiscal year 2025, our named executive officers continued to implement our strategic plan to diversify, increase productivity, improve processes, and grow our market share and profits in our existing businesses.

Our financial results for fiscal year 2025 included the following:

Management Transition

On February 5, 2025, we appointed Mr. Malone as our President and Chief Operating Officer and Michael Dixon as our General Manager of Barber-Nichols. In connection with his appointment as President and Chief Operating Officer, Mr. Malone’s annual base salary was increased to $400,000. In connection with his appointment as General Manager of Barber-Nichols, Mr. Dixon’s annual base salary was increased to $275,000. On June 10, 2025, we appointed Mr. Malone as our President and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Thoren as our Executive Chairman and Mr. Dixon as our Vice President and General Manager of Barber-Nichols. In connection with these changes the annual base salaries for Messrs. Malone, Thoren and Dixon were changed to $480,000, $250,000 and $300,000, respectively. For fiscal 2026, the target annual cash incentive for Messrs. Malone, Thoren and Dixon was set at 100%, 50% and 50% of base salary, respectively. For fiscal 2026, the target annual long-term incentive compensation for Mr. Malone was set at 125% of base salary and 50% of base salary for Messrs. Thoren and Dixon.

We entered into amended and restated employment agreement with Messrs. Thoren and Malone in connection with these changes. For more information on Messrs. Thoren’s and Malone’s amended and restated employment agreements, please see the section entitled “Employment Agreements” below.

Our “Pay for Performance” Philosophy

Our executive compensation programs contain key components and features that reinforce our “pay for performance” philosophy. For example:

Principles and Objectives

In establishing executive compensation, the guiding principles and objectives of the Compensation Committee are as follows:

The Compensation Committee reviews the market median and also considers measures of Company and industry performance when determining named executive officer compensation, including revenue, bookings, adjusted EBITDA, and return on invested capital (“ROIC”). ROIC is defined as a return on invested capital and is calculated by dividing net operating profit after taxes by the total invested capital. As described further below under the heading “Use of Peer Group Compensation Data and Tally Sheets,” from time to time, but at a minimum every three years, the Compensation Committee reviews data on the executive compensation programs of other comparably-sized companies both within our industry and in our geographic region as part of the process of establishing and maintaining our executive compensation programs.

We designed our executive compensation programs to reward our named executive officers for Company and individual performance that maximizes stockholder value. We describe the Company and individual performance measures that the Compensation Committee takes into account in determining cash and equity-based incentive awards for our named executive officers below under the headings “Annual Cash Incentive Compensation” and “Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation,” respectively.

How We Make Compensation Decisions

Role of the Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee designs and implements compensation programs that further the intent and purpose of our fundamental compensation philosophy, principles, and objectives. The Compensation Committee is responsible for setting appropriate compensation levels for our named executive officers, and determines base salary, as well as cash and equity-based incentive awards for each of our named executive officers. We provide additional information about the Compensation Committee under the heading “Corporate Governance.”

Role of Named Executive Officers in Compensation Decisions

Within the framework of the executive compensation programs approved by the Compensation Committee and based on management’s review of market competitive positions, our Chief Executive Officer annually reviews the performance of our other named executive officers and presents such performance information to the Compensation Committee. In addition, our Chief Executive Officer makes recommendations to the Compensation Committee with respect to the salary, cash incentive and equity-based incentive compensation paid to our other named executive officers. The Compensation Committee considers such performance information in determining each element of compensation for the other named executive officers. The Compensation Committee uses its discretion to determine whether to accept, reject or modify any adjustments to awards that may be recommended by our Chief Executive Officer. The Compensation Committee annually reviews the performance of our Chief Executive Officer and meets in executive session, outside the presence of our Chief Executive Officer, when determining his compensation.

On an annual basis, our Chief Executive Officer also approves and recommends to the Compensation Committee the individual objectives for our other named executive officers under the Stock Bonus Plan and Cash Bonus Program. The Compensation Committee approves the individual objectives for our Chief Executive Officer.

Use of Outside Consultants by the Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee believes that it benefits from external advice and assistance to help meet its objectives and fulfill its responsibilities. The Compensation Committee periodically engages outside consultants to educate and inform Committee members with regard to compensation matters, including the advantages and disadvantages of existing and proposed compensation programs, and keeps the Compensation Committee abreast of current and emerging compensation trends both within our industry and for companies of similar size and stature. These consultants also may advise the Compensation Committee with respect to various compensation alternatives, provide the Compensation Committee with relevant market compensation data and assist the Compensation Committee in analyzing such data when making compensation decisions.

During fiscal year 2025, the Compensation Committee engaged Frederic W. Cook & Co., Inc. (“F.W. Cook”) to assist the Compensation Committee in analyzing the competitiveness of the salary levels for our named executive officers.

Use of Peer Group Compensation Data and Tally Sheets

Peer Group Compensation Data. When making compensation decisions, the Compensation Committee may consider executive compensation programs and individual elements of compensation paid to other named executive officers at a group of comparably-sized companies both within our industry and in our geographic region or which we otherwise consider to be our peers. When selecting our peer group shown below, the Compensation Committee considered the companies’ revenue, market capitalization, number of employees, and industry classification.

The Compensation Committee may use peer group compensation data to provide an informational perspective on our compensation practices, levels of base salary, and the design of annual cash and long-term equity incentive compensation programs and the overall competitiveness of our compensation program.

Tally Sheets. The Compensation Committee analyzes tally sheets prepared for each named executive officer as part of its responsibilities for our executive compensation programs. Tally sheets present the dollar amount of each component of compensation for each named executive officer. The purpose of tally sheets is to bring together, in summary form, all of the elements of total direct compensation for our named executive officers so that the Compensation Committee may analyze both the individual elements of compensation (including the weighting of each element as compared to each other element) and the aggregate amount of total direct compensation. During fiscal year 2025, the Compensation Committee used tally sheets to assist in its review of the compensation of our named executive officers. No compensation changes were made with respect to fiscal year 2025 compensation based on those tally sheet reviews.

Executive Compensation Components

As discussed in greater detail below, our compensation philosophy focuses on aligning the total direct compensation of our named executive officers with the interests of our stockholders by rewarding performance that enhances the objective of increasing both current

and long-term stockholder value. We use the term “total direct compensation” to refer to the sum of base salary, annual incentive compensation and long-term incentive compensation.

The components of total direct compensation granted during fiscal year 2025 were:

The Compensation Committee seeks to align the annual and long-term compensation elements of our named executive officer compensation to our strategic plan. We strive to strike a balance between establishing incentives that motivate our named executive officers to achieve meaningful results, while ensuring that we sufficiently recognize our named executive officers for achieving results that are within their control. The Compensation Committee believes that the diversity of the selected forms of compensation and performance metrics help to manage the pay for performance challenges presented by our business while creating the proper focus among our named executive officers to facilitate our growth.

We establish each element that comprises targeted total direct compensation for the named executive officers annually. We do not have a specific policy for the allocation of compensation between short-term and long-term compensation or cash and equity compensation, as the allocation of these items is primarily driven by market compensation information and Company performance and goals.

We generally do not consider gains realized from prior compensation, such as stock option exercises, restricted stock vesting and vesting of RSUs or PSUs, in setting other elements of compensation. We believe that reducing or limiting awards because of prior gains realized by a named executive officer would unfairly penalize the officer for outstanding past performance and reduce the motivation for continued outstanding achievement. Similarly, our severance and change-in-control arrangements, which we discuss in detail under the heading “Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control,” do not affect our decisions regarding other elements of compensation. Those arrangements serve specific purposes that are unrelated to the determination of a named executive officer’s compensation for a specific year.

In support of our compensation philosophy, our executive compensation is heavily weighted toward incentive (variable) compensation, and the proportion of variable, or “at risk,” compensation increases as the level of responsibility increases. As shown below, in fiscal year 2025, we provided 67% of Mr. Thoren's, our Chief Executive Officer for the period, target compensation through annual and long-term incentive compensation, and, on average, we provided 50% of our other named executive officers’ target compensation through annual and long-term incentive compensation.

Beginning in fiscal year 2023, our Compensation Committee grants awards consisting of RSUs and PSUs. We believe the use of such awards supports our long-term compensation philosophy as well as emphasizes performance and alignment of executives’ interests with our stockholders. The Compensation Committee will continue to review our executive compensation programs, as well as consider the outcome of the “say-on-pay” votes when making future compensation decisions for the named executive officers.

Fiscal Year 2025 Total Target Compensation*

* The fair market value of the RSUs and PSUs are based upon the closing price at the date of grant. Information is presented for fiscal year 2025.

We also provide compensation and benefits to our named executive officers through the following programs:

Stockholder Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation

At our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, our stockholders approved, on an advisory basis, the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in our 2024 proxy statement, referred to as a “say-on-pay” vote. Approximately 99% of the votes cast were voted in favor of the compensation of our named executive officers. The Compensation Committee evaluated the positive results of the 2024 “say-on-pay” vote as well as the other factors discussed in this CD&A. Each of these factors were considered by the Compensation Committee to determine our named executive officer compensation programs.

At our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders, our stockholders expressed a preference that the “say-on-pay” vote take place on an annual basis. This preference was subsequently adopted by our Board, and so we are providing our stockholders with a “say-on-pay” vote this year. See “Proposal Two: Advisory Vote on the Compensation of our Named Executive Officers.”

Annual Base Salaries

The Compensation Committee reviews base salaries for each of our named executive officers at least annually. In general, the Compensation Committee sets base salaries based on factors including Company and individual performance, job responsibilities, internal pay equity and base salary levels of similar positions in our peer group.

Effective as of April 1, 2025, the Board approved the following changes to the annual base salary rates of our named executive officers:

Mr. Malone's annual base salary changed to $400,000 effective February 5, 2025 in connection with his appointment as our President and Chief Operating Officer and was later increased to $480,000 on June 10, 2025 in connection with his appointment as our President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Thoren’s annual base salary was changed to $250,000 on June 10, 2025 in connection with his appointment as our Executive Chairman.

Annual Cash Incentive Compensation

Our Annual Executive Cash Bonus Program, which we refer to as the Cash Bonus Program, is designed to compensate our named executive officers for above-average performance through an annual cash incentive award related both to Company and individual performance. We instituted the Cash Bonus Program to effectively align short-term individual performance with Company performance.

The Compensation Committee designed the Cash Bonus Program to provide a clear link between the named executive officers’ goals and our performance and business objectives. In fiscal year 2025, the Compensation Committee used a combination of consolidated adjusted EBITDA or divisional adjusted EBITDA, consolidated bookings or divisional bookings, and personal objectives as the performance metrics to evaluate our named executive officers’ performance under the Cash Bonus Program. The consolidated adjusted EBITDA and divisional adjusted EBITDA performance metrics are based on 2025 fiscal year-end results. Consolidated bookings and divisional bookings represent new orders received by us (or the applicable division) and entered into backlog during fiscal year 2025, reduced by the impact of any backlog cancellations. Consolidated bookings include consolidated net orders for Graham Mfg., Barber-Nichols, P3 Technologies, LLC ("P3"), Ahmedabad, India, and Suzhou, PRC. The Compensation Committee selected consolidated adjusted EBITDA/divisional adjusted EBITDA and consolidated bookings/divisional bookings as the quantitative measures of short-term performance because it believes that these metrics impact our annual profitability and future growth.

For fiscal year 2025, the Compensation Committee established personal goals for our named executive officers, which included the following:

The Compensation Committee assigned the weightings applicable to the three metrics to align our named executive officers’ goals with our current business objectives as follows:

The Compensation Committee typically establishes the goals for the Cash Bonus Program during our annual budgeting process following the commencement of the fiscal year. The Compensation Committee typically approves such goals during our first quarter, subject to the ratification of the Board. The Compensation Committee approves the personal goals for our Chief Executive Officer. Our Chief Executive Officer develops the personal goals for our other named executive officers in alignment with our corporate strategy and recommends these goals to our Compensation Committee Chair for approval.

For fiscal year 2025, the Compensation Committee set target bonus levels as follows: Mr. Thoren – 100% of base salary; and Messrs. Thome, Smith and Malone – 50% of base salary. Mr. Malone’s bonus was based on the total salary received during fiscal 2025, which was comprised of the salary he received while acting as General Manager of Berber-Nichols and the prorated salary for the time he served as Chief Operating Officer. The Compensation Committee uses a stretch maximum payout level to better incentivize and reward above target performance. Each named executive officer may receive anywhere from 0% to 200% of his target bonus level depending on the attainment of objectives, as follows:

We use linear interpolation to determine the percentage of the target bonus payable based on performance in between threshold and target or target and maximum. The Compensation Committee may consider extraordinary events that either positively or negatively affect financial performance, and may in its discretion, include or exclude the impact of these events in approving awards under the Cash Bonus Program. During fiscal year 2025, the Compensation Committee exercised this discretion and adjusted EBITDA to add back ERP implementation costs, acquisition related costs, Barber-Nichols supplemental bonus costs and equity based compensation as applicable.

For fiscal year 2025, threshold, target, maximum, and actual quantitative performance metrics used under the Cash Bonus Program for our named executive officers were as follows ($ in millions):

At its June 2, 2025 meeting, the Compensation Committee reviewed the achievement of Company and individual objectives during fiscal year 2025 and approved the award of cash incentive compensation under the Cash Bonus Program for each named executive officer. Based on our performance during fiscal year 2025, the Compensation Committee determined that the consolidated adjusted EBITDA achieved was above the target level but below the maximum level for the consolidated adjusted EBITDA component; the consolidated bookings achieved was below the target level but above the threshold level for the consolidated bookings component; the divisional adjusted EBITDA – Graham Manufacturing achieved was above the maximum level for the divisional adjusted EBITDA – Graham Manufacturing component; the divisional bookings – Graham Manufacturing achieved was below the threshold level for the divisional bookings – Graham Manufacturing component; the divisional adjusted EBITDA – Barber-Nichols/P3 achieved was at the threshold level for the divisional adjusted EBITDA – Barber-Nichols/P3 component; and the divisional bookings – Barber-Nichols/P3 achieved was above the maximum level for the divisional bookings – Barber-Nichols/P3 component of the Cash Bonus Program. Because the divisional adjusted EBITDA - Barber-Nichols/P3 component was approximately 0.1% below the threshold level, the Compensation Committee used its discretion to award at the threshold level for the divisional EBITDA - Barber-Nichols/P3 component. The Compensation Committee determined that each of our named executive officers, achieved the following percentages of their respective target personal goals: Mr. Thoren – 65%; Mr. Thome – 130%; Mr. Smith –

78%; and Mr. Malone – 155%. Based on these results and achievements, the cash incentive compensation earned under the Cash Bonus Program for our named executive officers for fiscal year 2025 was as follows:

The Compensation Committee sets what it believes are challenging goals for maximum bonus awards and expects that maximum bonus awards will be made only in extraordinary circumstances.

The amount of these cash awards earned by each named executive officer in fiscal year 2025 is shown in the “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation” column of the Fiscal Year 2025 Summary Compensation Table.

Under the Cash Bonus Program, special awards may be made to a named executive officer who has made an extraordinary contribution to us during the fiscal year. Such awards are generally recommended in writing by our Chief Executive Officer to the Chair of the Compensation Committee and approved by the Compensation Committee before grant. The Compensation Committee did not approve any such awards in fiscal year 2025.

Long-Term Equity Incentive Compensation

The Compensation Committee designed our Stock-Based Long-Term Incentive Award Plan for Senior Executives, which we refer to as the Stock Bonus Plan, to motivate our named executive officers to increase stockholder value by providing them with long-term stock-based awards for above-average Company performance. Our long-term incentive opportunities are intended to be competitive with the long-term incentive opportunities offered by the companies constituting our peer group. We issue awards pursuant to our 2020 Plan, a comprehensive executive compensation plan that provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, PSUs and other stock-related awards, as well as other awards that may be settled in cash or other property. All of our named executive officers currently employed by us are eligible to participate in the 2020 Plan.

The Compensation Committee designed the Stock Bonus Plan to create a tight link between the named executive officers’ stock-based compensation and the Company’s performance and business objectives. In fiscal year 2025, the Compensation Committee granted half of the awards in the form of RSUs, and the other half in the form of PSUs.

RSUs. We granted RSUs because we believe that RSUs help us retain our named executive officers by offering our named executive officers the opportunity to receive shares of our common stock if they continue to be employed by us on the date the RSUs vest. Unless the Compensation Committee determines otherwise, shares granted vest in equal installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the date of grant, subject to the named executive officer’s continued employment at each such date.

PSUs. We granted PSUs because we believe that PSUs help us reward our named executive officers by conditioning the receipt of shares of our common stock upon the satisfaction of longer-term predetermined Company objectives. Unless the Compensation Committee determines otherwise, the PSUs vest on the third anniversary of the date of grant, subject to satisfaction of the performance metrics for the applicable three-year period and subject to continued employment through the third anniversary of the date of grant. The Compensation Committee typically approves the performance metrics and the other terms of the PSUs during our first quarter.

For fiscal year 2025 grants, the performance metrics applicable to the PSUs are 50% based upon the Company’s three-year cumulative revenue metric with linear interpolation applied between points and no payout if the results are below threshold and 50% based upon the Company three-year average ROIC change (compared to the ROIC for fiscal 2024) with linear interpolation applied between points and no payout if the results are below 0 basis points . With respect to these grants, the Compensation Committee may consider extraordinary events that either positively or negatively affect the performance metrics, and may in its discretion, include or exclude the impact of these events.

The Compensation Committee determines the number of RSUs and PSUs to award to our named executive officers based on a percentage of each named executive officer’s annual base salary. The Compensation Committee determined the number of RSUs and PSUs to award to our named executive officers by using each such officer’s Long-Term Incentive Percentage of Base Salary, which we refer to as the L-T Percentage. For fiscal year 2025, the L-T Percentage in effect for each of our named executive officers was as follows: Mr. Thoren – 170%; Mr. Thome - 70%; and Messrs. Smith and Malone – 60%.

The number of RSUs awarded was determined by multiplying 50% of each named executive officer’s base salary in effect on the date of grant by such officer’s L-T Percentage, and then dividing the product by the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the NYSE on the date of grant. The number of PSUs was determined by multiplying 50% of each named executive officer’s base salary in effect on the

date of grant by such officer’s L-T Percentage, and then dividing the product by the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the NYSE on the date of grant. The closing price of our common stock was $25.56 on June 4, 2024, the date of grant.

The Compensation Committee seeks to establish performance goals that are challenging but attainable based on our three-year business and financial plan for the year. When establishing performance goals, the Compensation Committee reviews and discusses our business and financial plans for that year and the opportunity to generate stockholder value. The Compensation Committee establishes a range of performance goals for the performance period as well as payment thresholds, targets and maximums for each goal.

Additional information regarding the awards granted to each named executive officer in fiscal year 2025 is set forth in the Fiscal Year 2025 Summary Compensation Table and the Fiscal Year 2025 Grants of Plan-Based Awards table.

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2026 (“fiscal year 2026"), the L-T Percentage approved for each of our named executive officers was as follows and reflects the promotion of Mr. Malone to President and Chief Executive Officer and Mr. Thoren's appointment as our Executive Chair: Mr. Malone – 125%; Mr. Thoren – 50%; Mr. Thome - 70%; and Mr. Smith – 60%.

Perquisites and Other Personal Benefits

We provide limited perquisites and benefits. To attract, retain and reward named executive officers, we provide an overall benefit package similar to those received by similarly-situated executive officers at comparably-sized companies in our industry and geographic region.

During fiscal year 2025, we paid premiums for life insurance policies for the benefit of each of our named executive officers. We also make available to our named executive officers health insurance and long-term disability programs that are available to our other employees.

Our named executive officers also receive an allowance up to $2,500 for the purpose of purchasing term life insurance with a named beneficiary of each officer’s choosing. Our Chief Executive Officer is entitled to up to $5,000 for the purpose of purchasing term life insurance. Each of our named executive officers currently employed by us also participates in our long-term disability plan that is generally available to all of our salaried employees.

Retirement Benefits

We provide retirement benefits to our named executive officers to attract, retain and reward named executive officers by providing an overall benefit package similar to those received by similarly-situated executive officers at comparably-sized companies in our industry and geographic region.

All of our named executive officers participate in our Incentive Savings Plan (the “401(k) Plan”), which is a defined contribution plan that provides for both employer and employee contributions. The 401(k) Plan uses a “safe harbor” design that provides for a matching contribution of 100% of a participant’s deferrals up to 3% of compensation plus 50% of the next 2% of deferrals (for a maximum 4% matching contribution). Matching contributions under the 401(k) Plan are immediately vested. Additionally, eligible employees hired after January 1, 2003, including Messrs. Thoren, Thome and Malone, with at least one hour of service during the relevant plan year who are employed by us at the end of such year receive a contribution in an amount equal to 3.25% of eligible compensation received during such year, which contribution is paid on the first $345,000 of compensation, as adjusted for cost-of-living increases, in accordance with Section 401(a)(17) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”).These additional contributions under the 401(k) Plan fully vest after four years of employment.

Mr. Smith is eligible to participate in our Retirement Income Plan, which is a defined benefit pension plan for the benefit of our domestic employees hired prior to January 1, 2003. Benefits are based on the employee’s years of service and average annual base salary for the five highest consecutive calendar years of compensation in the ten-year period preceding retirement, reduced to take into account a participant’s Social Security benefits paid for by the Company.

Mr. Smith is also eligible to participate in our Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, which we refer to as the Supplemental Plan. The Supplemental Plan is intended to provide eligible participants and their surviving spouses and beneficiaries with the amount of employer-provided retirement benefits that the Retirement Income Plan would provide, but for the limitation on compensation that may be recognized under tax-qualified plans imposed by Section 401(a)(17) of the Code and the limitations on benefits imposed by Section 415 of the Code. As of March 31, 2025, Mr. Smith had not accrued any benefit under our Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan.

We have provided more information about our defined benefit retirement plans and the benefits payable to our named executive officers under such plans under the heading “Pension Benefits at March 31, 2025.”

Employment Agreements and Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control

We have employment agreements with each of our named executive officers. The decisions to enter into employment agreements and the terms of those agreements were based on our need to motivate and retain talent for our long-term growth and are consistent with similarly-situated executive officers at comparably sized companies in our industry and geographic region. The material terms of the employment agreements with our named executive officers are described under the heading “Employment Agreements.”

Pursuant to their respective employment agreements, we have agreed to provide payments to certain of our named executive officers in the event of a termination of employment as a result of normal and early retirement, involuntary termination, death, and disability. Messrs. Malone, Thoren and Thome are also eligible to receive additional payments in the event of termination following a change in control. We believe these arrangements promote stability and continuity of leadership to the benefit of our named executive officers and the Company. See “Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control” for further information regarding these arrangements.

Stock Ownership Guidelines

In order to more closely align the interests of our named executive officers with the interests of our stockholders, the Compensation Committee has established minimum stock ownership guidelines that require our named executive officers to work towards acquiring and maintaining specific levels of equity ownership interests in our common stock within specified time frames. A summary of our current stock ownership guidelines for our named executive officers is as follows:

Our stock ownership guidelines also require our named executive officers to retain 50% of the net shares realized (after tax) when a RSU, PSU or restricted stock award (“RSA”) vests or a stock option is exercised until they are in compliance with the guidelines, unless waived by the Chair of the Compensation Committee.

The Compensation Committee monitors the progress made by our named executive officers in achieving their stock ownership guidelines and, if circumstances warrant, may modify the guidelines and/or time frames for one or more of our named executive officers. Under the guidelines, our named executive officers are directed to be in compliance with their respective ownership objectives within five years of becoming a named executive officer (with an additional two-fiscal year grace period if the guidelines are amended to increase the ownership target). If a named executive officer does not meet his ownership guidelines, the Compensation Committee may take that fact into consideration when evaluating such executive’s overall performance. As of the end of fiscal year 2025, all of our named executive officers were in compliance with our stock ownership guidelines, including three named executive officers who are in the grace period provided by the guidelines and expected to comply with the guidelines at the end of such period.

Policy for the Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation

Effective as of October 2, 2023, we adopted the Policy for the Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation in accordance with NYSE and SEC requirements. The Policy for Erroneously Awarded Compensation governs the recovery of erroneously awarded compensation received by executive officers on or after October 2, 2023 in the event of an accounting restatement. A copy of the Policy for the Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation is available on our website at www.grahamcorp.com under the heading “Investor Relations” and the subheadings “Governance” and “Governance Documents.”

Certain Tax and Accounting Implications

We periodically review accounting and tax laws, rules and regulations that may apply to our compensation programs. However, tax and accounting considerations have not significantly impacted the compensation programs that we offer to our named executive officers.

We account for stock-based employee compensation at fair value of the awards on the grant date and recognize the related cost in our statements of operations in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB ASC”) 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation.

Risk Considerations in our Compensation Programs

At least one time each year, we undertake a Company-wide analysis of our compensation programs to assess whether they create risks that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. In fiscal year 2025, the Compensation Committee conducted its own risk assessment for our compensation programs and plans. As part of that assessment, the Compensation Committee reviewed the intent, purposes and practices of our compensation programs and plans. The Compensation Committee conducted this review in connection with a review of our business and growth strategies. Based on these reviews, we have concluded that our compensation programs are appropriately tailored to encourage employees to grow our business, but not incentivize them to do so in a way that is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our Company.

For example, our Cash Bonus Program and our Stock Bonus Plan, which are our two primary executive compensation programs, balance each other by providing compensation that rewards short-term (Cash Bonus Program) and long-term (Stock Bonus Plan) performance. The Cash Bonus Program balances risk by considering several performance metrics and capping the maximum payout a named executive officer can receive at 200% of target bonus level (target bonus level is between 100% and 50% of base salary for each of our named executive officers). In addition, our Stock Bonus Plan provides balanced incentives through equity-based compensation awards, which include RSUs and PSUs. The Compensation Committee believes that this mix of incentives, together with our executive stock ownership guidelines, encourages our named executive officers to achieve both short-term operating and long-term strategic objectives, including the long-term performance of our stock.

Fiscal Year 2025 Summary Compensation Table

The following table shows certain information about the compensation of our named executive officers for our two most recently completed fiscal years.